Kidney Cancer

Definition

肾癌是从肾脏开始的癌症. 肾脏位于腰部上方，脊柱两侧. 肾脏过滤血液和制造尿液. 肾癌的主要类型有:

• Wilms tumor —happens mainly in children
• Renal cell carcinoma—happens in adults; different types are based on where they start

Causes

癌症是指体内的细胞在没有控制或秩序的情况下分裂. 这些细胞继续形成生长或肿瘤. Cancer refers to harmful growths. These 肿瘤的生长可以攻击附近的组织，并扩散到身体的其他部位. It is not 弄清楚导致这种情况发生的确切原因. 这很可能是基因和大脑的混合 environment.

Cancer Cell Growth

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Risk Factors

肾癌在男性和60岁以上的人群中更为常见 older. 其他增加风险的因素有:

• Smoking and exposure to others' smoking
• Obesity
• High blood pressure
• Certain gene changes
• Eating lots of red meat
• Prior hysterectomy

Symptoms

Symptoms of kidney cancer may be:

• Blood in the urine (pee)
• Lower back pain
• A lump in the belly
• Weight loss
• Fever
• Signs of anemia such as feeling tired, pale skin, or fast heart rate

Diagnosis

医生会询问症状和过去的健康状况. 血液和尿液检查可以排除更常见的问题，如尿路感染. 肾脏的图像可以用:

• CT scan
• MRI scan

由于其他原因，在拍照时也可能发现肾脏上的生长. Cancer is confirmed with a biopsy. A sample of suspicious tissue is taken and tested in a lab.

检查和检查结果有助于发现癌症的阶段. 肾癌分为1到4级. Stage 1 is a very localized cancer. Stage 4 is a spread to other parts of the body.

Treatment

治疗是根据肾癌的分期和类型而定的 overall health. More than one treatment may be used.

一些小的肾癌生长缓慢. 医生可能会监视他们，看看他们是否 grow and need treatment.

大多数肾癌都是通过手术治疗的. The goal is to remove as much cancer as possible. 附近的淋巴结或其他癌变部位可能 also be removed. Surgery may be:

• Partial nephrectomy—removal of part of the kidney to treat smaller tumors
• Radical nephrectomy—remove entire kidney, adrenal 腺体，以及附近的脂肪组织和淋巴结

手术也可用于部分切除肿瘤 causing symptoms.

其他治疗肾癌的方法包括:

• 消融——一种用热或冷来消灭癌细胞的方法. It may be used 对于小范围的癌症和那些不能做手术的人.
• 靶向治疗——针对癌细胞的药物. It may be used:
• 免疫疗法——帮助免疫系统对抗和杀死癌细胞的药物. It may be 用于不能通过手术切除的癌症.
• Chemotherapy—drugs given by pills or IV to kill cancer cells. 它对肾癌不是很有效. It may be used if 其他治疗方法没有效果，或者癌症已经扩散到其他器官.
• 放射疗法——用高能射线杀死癌细胞. It is not always used for kidney cancer. 放射治疗最常用于缩小肿瘤 problems like pain or bleeding.

Prevention

为了降低患肾癌的风险:

• Do not smoke. 如果有，请向医生寻求帮助 quitting .
• 达到并保持健康的体重:
• 避免饮酒或限制饮酒不超过:

References

• 关于肾细胞癌的一般信息. National Cancer Institute website. Available at: http://www.cancer.gov /类型/肾/耐心/ kidney-treatment-pdq.
• Kidney cancer. American Cancer Society website. Available at: http://www.cancer.org/cancer/kidney-cancer.html.
• Renal cell carcinoma. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at:http://www.dynamed.com/condition/renal-cell-carcinoma.
• Rini BI, Battle D, et al. The society for immunotherapy of 免疫疗法治疗晚期肾细胞癌的共识声明 (RCC). J Immunother Cancer. 2019;7(1):354.